Military Epidemiology - Dr. Ali Reza Khoshdel, Associate Professor of Epidemiology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ICMM, May 2015, Bali, Indonesia
Epi: on Demi: Population Logic: Knowledge Frequency Distribution CAUSES TIME HUMAN DISEASES SPECIFIC DISEASES Military Epidemiological Research Center for Occupational Hazards, Tehran, Iran
Military Epidemiology
3 What is epidemiology? The study of the distribution and identification of cases or events in certain populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems. problems, there was always an effort to find out the causes of these health problems. This is really the foundation of the field of public health epidemiology. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determination of cases or events in specific populations and the use of this research to control health problems. The purpose of epidemiology is to study the risk associated with exposure, identify and control epidemics, and monitor population levels of disease and exposure.
Aspects Of Military Service In Relation To The Development Of Tuberculosis
Younger Age Predominant Male Entry Uncommon Fields Occupational Risks Access to Care Specific Lifestyle Prevention WORRIES Different Ages Both Sexes Primary Diseases Predictable Environment Common Risks Access to Health Care? Military Research Center for Treatment-Oriented Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
When? Where? Why? how are you Epidemiology is an investigative process. In epidemiological research, we answer the questions Who? what when? Where? Why? And how? to understand the origin and causes of the disease.
Public Policy Crime Forensic Food Behavior in the Environment Although epidemiologists work together to study disease and its spread in a population, there are many subspecialties that you should be aware of. As the series progresses, you will have the opportunity to learn about several sub-specialties. Let's take a brief look at these subspecialties, keeping in mind that these subspecialties often overlap and that epidemiologists often have more than one area of interest and expertise. You probably know the specialty of infectious diseases. After all, high-profile investigations often make the headlines. Infectious diseases are an integral part of our existence, and the prevention, detection and control of these diseases are a primary task in the field of epidemiology. But chronic diseases, although perhaps the "silent" killers, are also included in epidemiological work. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention devotes a comprehensive observational study, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), to monitoring health behaviors such as physical activity, diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption. All behaviors that directly affect chronic diseases. Cancer and heart disease are also studied using data from population screenings. A trauma epidemiologist may study both intentional and unintentional injuries, such as domestic violence or traffic accidents. Social, nutritional, and occupational epidemiologists specialize in the causes of disease. For example, occupational epidemiologists examine various health outcomes that may result from occupational exposures. The results may include workplace injuries, cancer from chemical exposure among factory workers, or the effects of high-stress workplaces on the risk of heart disease. Environmental epidemiologists work in a variety of settings. They can act against vectors (eg mosquitoes and rodents); they can inspect individual domestic and communal water pipes; they can inspect homes for mold and lead; they can inspect restaurants to ensure compliance with hygiene and food preparation regulations. But all these activities are mostly "behind the scenes" - we probably take our environmental epidemiologists for granted! Behavioral scientists study epidemics that occur in behavior toward microorganisms or physical agents. For example, cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse belong to the category of epidemics studied by behavioral specialists. Forensic epidemiology is the integration of public health methods into the context of potential criminal investigations. In the past, epidemiologists could testify as key witnesses—investigating experts, consulting experts, or testifying experts—in courtrooms to testify about the link between exposure to disease or death. Two examples of these tasks were for silicone implants and the medical use of marijuana. Recently, the science of epidemiology has been used in this area along with law enforcement investigations. An example of this was the October 2001 anthrax attack in Washington, DC, Florida and New York and the subsequent white powder incidents. Today, it is rather a trend: the involvement of forensic epidemiologists in the investigation phase of cases and in the testimony phase is increasingly important. The science of epidemiology can even be used in healthcare settings. For example, North Carolina has a community health hospital epidemiologist program that places epidemiologists in hospitals to assist in training and serve as liaisons between hospitals and the public sector. Epidemiological surveillance methods are used to monitor trends in the service population (eg demography); procedures performed; used antibiotics; and infection types and infection rates. The information obtained from this monitoring is then used in a variety of ways to accomplish tasks such as evaluating the effectiveness of programs and further improving procedures. A disaster specialist may work to investigate the aftermath of natural disasters such as the December 2004 tsunami, the frequent hurricanes that hit North Carolina, Virginia, and Florida in 2004, and others. Alternatively, ecological disasters may occur as a result of chemical, radiation or explosive emergencies. For example, the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear reactor accident in Middletown, Pennsylvania, could have caused a major environmental disaster. Epidemiologists were among the people and federal agencies conducting extensive radiological research. I've saved public policy for last because you're probably already aware of the interconnectedness of some subspecialties, as well as the strong political and legal implications for research conducted by epidemiologists. I have already described how epidemiologic data can be used in the field or in the courtroom in conjunction with criminal investigations, and I have described how hospital surveillance data can be used to evaluate programs or treatments. There are many ways that epidemiological data can be used to influence policy. For example, tracking health behaviors or health indicators in the population produces data that congressmen and their staff consider when it comes time to allocate the federal budget each year.
Sanitation and sewage miasma Late 19th and early 20th century Infectious diseases Germ theory Late 20th century Chronic diseases 21st century Black box Ecoepidemiology China Box
The Socio Economic Relations Of Warfare And The Military Mortality Crises Of The Thirty Years' War
10, but at the same time, non-communicable and non-communicable diseases have not decreased and even relatively increased, so it is assumed that non-communicable diseases will be the source of major epidemics in the new century.
First: Rising Rates of Infectious Diseases Second: Combating Infectious Diseases Third: Emerging and Re-emerging Infections SEC I II III
15 DALYs due to NCDs The panel shows the percentage of total DALYs due to NCDs in each country. NCDs are identified in the Hierarchical List of Causes11 in the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Survey and include the following major groups of causes: cancer; cardiovascular and circulatory diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; digestive diseases; neurological conditions; mental and behavioral disorders; diabetes; diseases of the genital organs, blood and endocrine diseases; muscle diseases; and other NCDs such as congenital anomalies and skin diseases. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1 August 2013
10.8% 57% unknown Diabetes 35.3% 7.7% Abnormal glucose metabolism 19.7% 19.3% Smoking 15% Obesity 51.3% Overweight 46.3% Central obesity Total obesity about 9% and 21% in high-risk military groups. Dyslipidemia of the military health profile
Whistleblower Disputes Data Glitch Explanation Behind Drastic Increase In Non Infectious Diseases In Military
And NCD control must include policies to support a public environment in which people are encouraged to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles, promote health literacy so that people can protect and improve their health, and health services that focus on early disclosure and provision of costs. Effective management of infectious diseases and their risk factors N Engl J Med 2013
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